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Diagnosis and treatment of various menstrual disorders

A regular menstrual cycle is an indicator of a woman’s health. Changes in the cycle may signal hormonal imbalances and require a doctor’s consultation.

An irregular cycle is often perceived as a loss of control over the body.

What is menstrual disorder?

Hormonal imbalances are the most common cause of menstrual cycle irregularities.

Endometriosis, fibroids, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are frequent causes of cycle disturbances, often accompanied by pain and changes in cycle duration.

Menstrual irregularities can result from stress, overexertion, and weight fluctuations, which affect normal hormone levels in the blood.

Infections, inflammatory processes, and endocrine disorders can lead to irregular cycles due to hormonal disruptions.

Symptoms that indicate problems with the cycle

  • Delay of more than 10 days or absence of menstruation.
  • Scanty or heavy bleeding causing discomfort.
  • Painful sensations during menstruation that affect your quality of life.
  • Irregularity (cycle fluctuations of more than 10 days) or changes in cycle duration.

Diagnosis of menstrual disorders

  • A gynecologist consultation includes an examination and medical history assessment.
  • Hormone levels: FSH, LH, estradiol, prolactin, progesterone.
  • Pelvic ultrasound helps assess the condition of the uterus and ovaries.
  • Additional diagnostic methods: endocrine evaluation to check hormonal balance and genetic tests to detect hereditary diseases affecting reproductive function.

Methods of treating menstrual disorders

  • Hormonal medications may be recommended to restore the cycle, along with anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain.
  • Treating underlying conditions such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or infections is essential to restore the cycle and prevent complications.
  • Surgical treatment is recommended in severe cases when medication is ineffective.
  • Cycle recovery after childbirth or hormonal contraception takes time. During lactation, menstruation is often absent, but it resumes after weaning. After stopping hormonal contraception, the cycle typically normalizes within three months.

The impact of lifestyle on the menstrual cycle

Stress, extreme diets, and excessive physical exertion can disrupt the menstrual cycle.

A healthy lifestyle—including balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and stress reduction—positively affects menstrual cycle regularity.

A balanced diet rich in vitamins A, E, D, and omega-3 fatty acids helps maintain hormonal balance.

Special cases: cycle disruptions at different periods of life

In teenagers, the menstrual cycle may initially be irregular, but if menstruation has not started by age 15, a doctor should be consulted.

After childbirth and during lactation, the menstrual cycle may be absent or irregular due to hormonal changes.

Early menopause can be caused by genetics, stress, illnesses, or surgeries. Treatment often includes hormone therapy.

The impact of lifestyle on the menstrual cycle

Regular visits to a gynecologist and preventive check-ups help detect cycle irregularities early and maintain reproductive health.

A healthy lifestyle and stress management support hormonal balance, which is essential for a regular menstrual cycle.

Timely treatment of gynecological and endocrine disorders helps prevent hormonal imbalances and menstrual irregularities.

Frequently asked questions about menstrual irregularities

When should you see a doctor for irregular menstruation?

If a delay lasts more than 10 days or if you have fewer than 9 menstrual cycles per year.

How quickly can the menstrual cycle be restored after hormone therapy?

It can take anywhere from a few months to a year, depending on individual body characteristics and the cause of the cycle disruption.

Do painful periods always indicate a health condition?

No.

What tests are necessary if menstrual cycle disorders are suspected?

The list of tests depends on symptoms and doctor's recommendations, but usually includes:

  • Complete blood count (CBC).
  • Hormone level tests (estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH).
  • Pelvic ultrasound.
  • Tests for infections if symptoms are present.

On female and male sex hormones, thyroid hormones.

Diagnosis and treatment of menstrual disorders help determine the cause and support reproductive health.

Do not ignore cycle disorders! Consult a doctor and preserve your reproductive health.

Diagnosis and treatment of STIs

STIs are infectious diseases transmitted through sexual contact. It is important to recognize their symptoms and treatment to prevent complications.

Maintaining intimate health and the vaginal microbiome is essential for preventing infections and preserving normal vaginal flora.

What is an STI?

They include viral (HIV), bacterial (chlamydia), fungal (candidiasis) sexually transmitted infections.

They negatively affect women’s and men’s health. They can cause inflammatory changes, infertility.

The risks associated with untreated infections can cause infertility, chronic inflammation and pregnancy complications. Therefore, it is very important to diagnose and treat sexually transmitted infections in a timely manner.

Main symptoms of STIs

Common symptoms for both women and men: unpleasant discharge, itching, and pain during sexual intercourse.

An asymptomatic course can lead to complications such as infertility. For example, in chlamydia, the fallopian tubes may be affected, leading to blockage.

Specific signs of certain infections:

  1. Chlamydia – pain, yellow or green discharge with an unpleasant odor.
  2. Trichomoniasis – frothy yellow/green discharge.
  3. Herpes – fluid-filled blisters on the skin or mucous membranes.
  4. HPV (Human Papillomavirus) – papillomas on the skin.
  5. Syphilis – ulcers on the skin and mucous membranes.
  6. Gonorrhea – pain during urination, purulent discharge.

Causes and risk factors of STIs

  1. Unprotected sexual contact is the primary risk factor.
  2. Having multiple sexual partners increases the risk of infection.
  3. Failure to follow personal hygiene rules creates favorable conditions for the growth of pathogenic microflora.
  4. Weakened immunity is a risk factor, as the body becomes less capable of fighting infections.

Diagnosis of STIs

STI Testing:

  • swabs from mucous membranes;
  • PCR tests for infections;
  • bacteriological culture of discharge.

Ultrasound (USG) helps detect infection-related complications, such as inflammatory changes in the ovaries and uterus.

Sexually transmitted infection screening should be done regularly (every 6–12 months), especially after contact with a new partner or if symptoms appear.

Methods of treating STIs

The treatment of choice includes antibiotics for bacterial infections and hormone therapy if necessary.

Antiviral medications are used to treat viral infections such as herpes.

It is important to monitor treatment effectiveness and undergo follow-up tests.

Simultaneous treatment of a sexual partner minimizes the risk of reinfection.

The vaginal microbiome and its role in women's health

These are microorganisms, particularly lactobacilli, that help protect the vagina from harmful bacteria and maintain its normal acidity.

Infections can disrupt the balance of vaginal microflora. Antibiotics may destroy beneficial vaginal bacteria.

Symptoms of vaginal microflora imbalance: itching, burning, discomfort, unpleasant odor, and changes in discharge.

Restoring the microbiome after STI treatment

Probiotics for the vagina and specialized supplements help restore microbiome balance by increasing the number of lactobacilli.

A balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle support normal microflora and strengthen the immune system.

Topical products, such as vaginal probiotics, gels, and creams with lactobacilli, help maintain microbiome balance.

Preventing infections and supporting the vaginal microbiome

Barrier methods of contraception, such as condoms, protect against infections.

Regular gynecological check-ups and preventive tests help detect infections in time and prevent complications, supporting reproductive health.

To maintain a healthy vaginal microbiome, it is important to:

  • use intimate hygiene products free of harsh chemical components;
  • wear comfortable underwear made of natural fabrics;
  • follow personal hygiene rules.

Frequently Asked Questions About STIs and Microbiome Restoration

How quickly can STIs be treated?

This depends on the type of infection, its spread, and any complications. Treatment duration can range from 7 days to several months.

Can microbiome imbalance be avoided while taking antibiotics?

It is important to use probiotics that help restore the balance of beneficial microflora.

Which probiotics should be chosen for microbiome restoration?

Probiotics containing lactobacilli are often recommended for vaginal microbiome restoration, as they help reestablish normal flora.

How to know if the vaginal microbiome has been restored?

The absence of symptoms and infection in follow-up tests indicates that the microbiome has been restored.

Timely treatment of infections and microbiome restoration are essential for maintaining reproductive health.

Consult a doctor, undergo examinations, and follow preventive measures to prevent infections and preserve reproductive health.

Diagnosis and treatment of infertility

15% of couples worldwide face infertility, which is approximately 1 in 6 couples.

Timely diagnosis of infertility is important because the earlier treatment begins, the higher the chances of achieving the desired pregnancy.

What is infertility?

Infertility Diagnosis – when a couple is unable to conceive a child after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse.

Main Types:

  • Female: issues with ovulation, fallopian tubes, uterus, or endocrine system.
  • Male: impaired sperm quality.
  • Combined: factors are present in both partners.

Primary infertility – the absence of pregnancy in a woman or a couple altogether.
Secondary infertility – occurs after previous pregnancies.

Causes of infertility in women and men

Female Causes: hormonal disorders (polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis), fallopian tube obstruction, infections, and developmental abnormalities of reproductive organs. These conditions disrupt the normal functioning of the reproductive system.

Male Causes: low sperm quality, varicocele, hormonal imbalances, and inflammatory diseases. These conditions prevent fertilization of the egg.

Stress and harmful habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption can negatively affect reproductive health.

Infertility diagnostic methods

For Women:

  1. Hormone tests – help identify endocrine disorders.
  2. Pelvic ultrasound – allows assessment of the ovaries and uterus.
  3. Hysterosalpingography – examines the patency of the fallopian tubes.
  4. Laparoscopy – enables evaluation of pelvic organs and detection of pathologies that may cause infertility.

For Men:

  1. Semen analysis – assesses sperm count, quality, and motility.
  2. Infection tests – detect infectious diseases.
  3. Hormonal examinations – help identify endocrine disorders.
  4. Scrotal ultrasound – diagnoses varicocele, cystic formations, and other pathologies.

A consultation with a reproductive specialist is essential for diagnosing infertility and determining the optimal treatment. If necessary, other specialists, such as an endocrinologist or surgeon, may be involved.

Infertility treatment methods without ART

Hormonal Therapy: helps restore ovulation and correct hormonal imbalance.

Medication Therapy: treatment of infections and inflammation supports the normal functioning of the reproductive system.

Surgical Methods: laparoscopy for endometriosis removal, restoring fallopian tube patency, and treating varicocele.

Physiotherapy: improves blood circulation and reduces inflammation and discomfort.

The impact of lifestyle on fertility

A balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants supports hormonal balance and improves reproductive health.

Quitting smoking and alcohol consumption enhances sperm and egg quality, helps restore hormonal balance, and positively affects successful conception.

Regular physical activity maintains a healthy weight and overall endurance. Stress management normalizes hormonal levels to restore fertility.

Features of infertility treatment in different age groups

Young couples also face fertility issues. Possible causes include stress, lifestyle, genetics, irregular cycles, and lack of ovulation.

Infertility treatment after the age of 35 requires a prompt approach, as egg quality declines with age.

Fertility restoration after illnesses or surgeries may include hormonal therapy or physiotherapy.

Infertility prevention

Regular preventive examinations help detect reproductive health issues in a timely manner.

Vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV) is an effective prevention method for cervical cancer, reducing the risk of future complications.

To maintain reproductive health, it is important to undergo regular medical check-ups, lead a healthy lifestyle, avoid harmful habits, minimize stress, maintain a balanced diet, and stay physically active.

Frequently asked questions about infertility treatment

How quickly can ovulation be restored?

The restoration of ovulation depends on the cause of its disruption and typically takes several months.

What tests are required at the first stage of diagnosis?

This includes checking the patency of the fallopian tubes, confirming ovulation, and conducting a semen analysis for the male partner.

Does excess weight affect fertility?

Yes, it has a negative impact due to hormonal imbalances.

Is natural conception possible after polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treatment?

Yes, if ovulation is restored.

Timely consultation with a doctor for fertility problems allows you to start effective treatment on time.

Contact the necessary specialist. Get a comprehensive examination and take a step towards the desired pregnancy.

Diagnosis and treatment of AMC

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a blood discharge outside the normal menstrual cycle.

They significantly disrupt the quality of a woman’s life, negatively affecting her physical and psychological state.

What is abnormal uterine bleeding?

This is a blood discharge that goes beyond the normal cycle.

Main features:

  1. Heavy menstruation.
  2. Cycle failure.
  3. Bleeding between menstrual periods.

Bleeding differs from the normal cycle by changing the duration of menstruation and its intensity.

Types:

  1. Prolonged bleeding is those that last more than 8 days.
  2. Profuse bleeding – a significant amount of blood released.
  3. Intermenstrual bleeding: bleeding between menstrual periods.
  4. Postmenopausal bleeding – after menopause.

Causes of uterine bleeding

Hormonal disorders: imbalance of estrogen and progesterone, lack of ovulation cause cycle disorders and bleeding.

Gynecological diseases:

  • Endometriosis causes pain, heavy menstruation, and intermenstrual bleeding.
  • Uterine fibroids cause long, heavy periods due to changes in the structure of the uterus.
  • Endometrial hyperplasia leads to excess tissue in the uterus, which causes bleeding.
  • Polycystic ovaries disrupt hormonal balance and ovulation.

Systemic diseases: blood clotting disorders, anemia, thyroid pathologies change the cycle.

Other factors include stress, medications, and postpartum complications.

Symptoms and signs of AMC

Heavy, prolonged, or painful menstruation may indicate a cycle disorder. Bleeding between cycles, after intercourse, or during menopause requires attention, as it can signal serious illness.

If you feel weak, dizzy, and tired, you should definitely consult a doctor.

Diagnostic methods:

A gynecological examination allows you to assess the patient’s condition and prescribe tests.

Instrumental methods: Pelvic ultrasound to visualize the uterus and ovaries; hysteroscopy to examine the uterine cavity; laparoscopy to diagnose pelvic organs.

Laboratory tests: hormone tests (FSH, LH, progesterone, prolactin, hCG) and coagulogram.

Regular examinations help to detect diseases in time.

Methods of treatment:

Medication treatment: hormone therapy (COCs, progestins) normalizes hormonal levels; antifibrinolytics reduce bleeding; anti-inflammatory drugs relieve pain; iron supplements treat anemia.

Surgical treatment: hysteroscopy to remove polyps, laparoscopy for fibroids or endometriosis, embolization of the uterine arteries in case of fibroids.

Physiotherapy: electrotherapy and magnetotherapy strengthen blood vessels and improve uterine contractions.

Features of treatment in different age groups

Treatment of uterine bleeding in adolescents is aimed at restoring hormonal balance by correcting lifestyle.

In women over 40 and in perimenopause, this includes hormone therapy and, if necessary, surgical treatment.

After menopause, it is necessary to exclude oncological diseases by examining the endometrium.

The role of lifestyle in the prevention and treatment of uterine bleeding

A balanced diet rich in iron, vitamins C and K helps to strengthen the walls of blood vessels.

Quitting bad habits and controlling stress improves overall health.

Physical activity helps maintain hormonal balance and reduces stress.

Prevention of abnormal uterine bleeding

Regular gynecological examinations allow you to detect disorders in time, prevent the development of diseases and complications.

Controlling hormonal levels and treating gynecological diseases helps prevent menstrual irregularities.

Independent use of hormonal drugs can cause serious health problems, so it is important to consult a specialist.

Frequently asked questions about bleeding

Does heavy menstruation always indicate AMC?

No, you need to find out what caused it and whether it happened once or continues on a regular basis.

How often do I need to visit a gynecologist in case of bleeding?

As soon as possible. Your doctor will advise you on the number of visits.

Is it possible to completely cure AMC without surgery?

Yes, if the bleeding is provoked by hormonal disorders.

What to do if bleeding is accompanied by anemia?

Take iron supplements in parallel with the treatment of the underlying disease.

Oleksandra Silonova Alekseevna

3Years of experience
Oleksandra Silonova Alekseevna
Physical therapist, massage therapist
  • SPA therapy;
  • Spinal osteochondrosis;
  • Protrusions;
  • Herniated discs;
  • Arthrosis;
  • Arthritis;
  • Heel spurs;
  • Epicondylitis;
  • Osteoarthritis;
  • Tendinitis;
  • Muscle spasms and trigger points;
  • Scar treatment after surgery.

Oleksandra is studying at Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, specializing in Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy.

I have been working in my profession since 2023.

Main areas of work

  • Physical therapy;
  • Manual massage (classical, therapeutic);
  • Kinesiotaping;
  • Ultrasound therapy (BTL-4000 Premium);
  • Electrotherapy (BTL-4000 Premium);
  • Shockwave therapy (BTL 6000 SWT);
  • Pressotherapy (BTL-6000 Lymphastim Easy);
  • Device-assisted massage (Icoone Laser).

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Reviews

Ви найкращі!!! Дуже була вражена, що в Крюковщині є такий заклад… і такі фахівці-спеціалісти! Дякую Вам за Вашу допомогу і щирі серця!

Так, все добре, все сподобалось: у вас дуже комфортно, уважна лікарка, яка теж сподобалася (нажаль, процедура що до п’ятки таке собі, але розумію і дещо таке і чекала) і дуже імпонувало мені те, що лікарка дуже уважно віднеслася до моєї іншої проблеми і за це в мене не вимагали окрему оплату, хоча я чекала. Це приємно. І я зробила висновок, що у вашій клініці першочергове це здоров’я пацієнта, а не гроші.

Велика подяка за професіоналізм! Лікар детально пояснив усі моменти, призначив грамотне лікування, і вже через кілька днів відчув значне покращення. Рекомендую!

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    Havrylyuk Vasyl Ivanovych

    4Years of experience
    Havrylyuk Vasyl Ivanovych
    Urologist, ultrasound doctor
    • Ultrasound diagnostics of the genitourinary system;
    • Therapy for inflammatory processes of the genitourinary system;
    • Treatment of prostatic hyperplasia;
    • Diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic bladder disorders;
    • Treatment of urolithiasis (kidney stone disease);
    • Examination and treatment of men in cases of infertility within a couple;
    • Treatment of erectile and ejaculatory disorders;
    • Surgical procedures on the genital organs.

    Vasyl graduated from O.O. Bogomolets National Medical University with a degree in “General Medicine.”

    Completed an internship in urology and holds a specialization in ultrasound diagnostics.

    Has been working in the specialty since 2021.

    Main areas of work

    • Ultrasound diagnostics of the genitourinary system;
    • Therapy for inflammatory processes of the genitourinary system;
    • Treatment of prostate hyperplasia;
    • Diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic bladder diseases;
    • Treatment of urolithiasis (kidney stone disease);
    • Examination and treatment of men in cases of infertility in a married couple;
    • Treatment of erectile and ejaculation disorders;
    • Surgical procedures on the genital organs.

    List of doctor's services:

    • Urologist consultation
    • Urologist consultation online
    • Ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder
    • Ultrasound of the prostate gland
    • Ultrasound of the scrotum

    Manipulations:

    • Bladder catheterization;
    • Bladder instillation;
    • Prostate massage;
    • Frenuloplasty (frenulum correction surgery);
    • Removal of inguinal area neoplasms (atheromas, papillomas, etc.).

    Surgical interventions:

    • Circumcision (circumcisio);
    • Marmar surgery (varicocele treatment);
    • Removal of epididymal cyst;
    • Bergman/Winkelmann surgery (hydrocele treatment);
    • Glans penis denervation (premature ejaculation treatment);
    • Vasectomy (male sterilization);
    • Orchiectomy (testicle removal);
    • Testicular prosthetics (implantation of a silicone testicular implant).

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    Reviews

    Софія

    Прийом сподобався, дуже хороший лікар, добре все пояснив

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    Вдячний за якісне лікування! Прийом пройшов у комфортній атмосфері, лікар усе пояснив і призначив дієве лікування. Результат відчув одразу. Рекомендую!

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